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Living in Turkey

Turkey is currently seeking membership of the European Union. December 17th 2004 marked the official opening of talks for the accession of Turkey to the European Union, and it remains one of the main issues in Turkish foreign diplomacy. Turkish ambitions to join the European Union in the early 1960s soon resulted in associate status in the European Economic Community. The Turkish government hoped that full membership would follow in the years to come. Unfortunately, turbulence from the 1970s until the late 1980s forced Turkey to delay formally applying to join the European Community until 1987. The application was rejected, although the EC did say that Turkish membership could occur at some point in the future.

An EU-Turkey Customs Union came into force on January 1, 1996 allowing goods to travel between the Turkey and European Union member states without customs restrictions, although it crucially stopped short of lifting restrictions in such areas as agriculture.

The European Union confirmed Turkey's status as candidate for membership at its Helsinki conference in 1999. The Turkish Accession talks did not follow immediately however, as the EU said Turkey had to make significant reforms, particularly in the field of human rights, before the talks could begin. On October 03, 2005, The European Union and Turkey announced in Luxembourg a negotiating framework that will allow formal talks on Turkish membership of the EU to begin. It is estimated that Turkey's full membership into the bloc will take 10-15 years. Turkey will be the only predominantly Muslim country to be part of the European Union.

The majority of the Turkish population (more than 70%) is of Turkish ethnicity, who speak the official language of the country, Turkish. The largest by far ethnic minority are the Kurds, a distinct ethnic group concentrated in the east, consisting of 10-25% of the total population.

The 1965 census determined that 7.1% of the population used the Kurdish as the primary language and the knowledge of the language was stated by the 12.7% of the population in total, but there are many Turkish-speaking Kurds, especially in the cities outside Turkish Kurdistan.

Other minorities include Abkhaz, Albanians, Arabs, Armenians, Assyrians, Bosniaks, Chaldeans, Chechens, Circassians, Greeks, Georgians, Hamshenis, Jews, Laz, Levantines, Ossetians, Pomaks, Roma, Syriacs, and Zazas. The term "minority" itself remains a sensitive issue in Turkey, since the Turkish State only considers the communities mentioned in the text of Treaty of Lausanne (namely, Greek Orthodox, Armenian, and Jewish communities) as minorities (azinlik or ekalliyet).

Due to a demand for an increased labour force in Western Europe between 1960 and 1980 many Turkish citizens emigrated to West Germany, the Netherlands, France and other Western European countries, forming a significant overseas population. Recently, many have also settled in Russia and other neighbouring countries.

Number of inhabitants in thousands.Nominally, 98% of the population is Muslim. Most belong to the Sunni branch of Islam. About 15-20% of the population are Alevi Muslims. There is also a Twelver Shia minority, mainly of Azeri descent. Jewish, and Christian Greek Orthodox, Armenian Apostolic (Gregorian), Roman Catholic and Protestant minorities are also present, as well as Yezidis. Although, unlike other majority Muslim countries, there is a strong tradition of separation of church and state in Turkey, in practice this means rather the subordination of religion to the state instead of what Westerners would consider separation. The Turkish constitution recognizes freedom of religion for individuals, but explicitly states that religious communities derive no rights at all from this. The mainstream Hanafi school of Sunni Islam is largely organized by the state, through Diyanet Isleri Baskanligi (Department of Religious Affairs). The Diyanet is the main Islamic framework established after abolition of the Ulama and Seyh-ul-Islam of the old régime. As a consequence, they control all mosques and Muslim clerics. Imams are trained in Imam vocational schools and at theology departments at universities. The department supports Sunni Islam and has comissions authorized to give Fatwa judgments on Islamic issues. The department is criticized by the Alevi muslims for not supporting their beliefs.

Provinces Turkey

Turkey is subdivided into 81 provinces (iller, singular - il). Each province is divided into subprovinces (ilçeler in Turkish; singular ilçe). Provincial capital, also called the central subprovince usually bears the same name as the province; the exceptions are Hatay (cap: Antakya), Kocaeli (cap: Izmit), and Sakarya (cap: Adapazari).

Major Provinces

Istanbul 11 million
Ankara 4 million
Izmir 3.5 million
Bursa 2.1 million
Konya 2.2 million
Adana 1.8 million

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