Ukraine is
a country in Eastern Europe. It
borders Russia to the north
and east, Belarus to the north,
Poland, Slovakia
and Hungary to the west, Romania
and Moldova to the southwest
and the Black Sea to the south. The territory of present-day
Ukraine was a key centre of East Slavic culture in the
Middle Ages before being divided between a variety of
powers, notably Russia, Poland, Lithuania, Austria, Romania
and the Ottoman Empire. A brief period of independence
following the Russian Revolution was ended by Ukraine's
absorption into the Soviet Union, and the republic's present
borders were only established in 1954. It became independent
once more following the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.
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Living in Ukraine
Ethnic Ukrainians make up 77.8% of the population, ethnic
Russians 17.3%, Ruthenians (in Transcarpathia) some 0.9%.
The industrial regions in the east and south-east are
the most heavily populated, and about 70% of the population
lives in urban areas.
Other minorities include significant groups of Romanians
(with Moldovans, 1%), Belarusians (0.6%), Crimean Tatars
(0.5%), Bulgarians (0.4%),Poles (0.4%) and Jews (0.3%).
Ukrainian is the only official state language while
the usage of closely related Russian
is very important culturally and economically. They
are spoken by 55% and 45% accordingly (but considered
to be a native language by 67.5% and 29.6% of population,
according to census-2001). Standard literary Ukrainian
is mainly spoken in the western quarter of the country,
including its cities such as Lviv. In central Ukraine,
Russian is usually the main language of cities (including
Kiev), while Surzhyk (a certain kind of dialect or mixed
language with mainly Russian vocabulary and Ukrainian
grammar and phonetics) is widespread in the rural areas
(15% to 20%, according to some surveys). In the eastern
quarter Russian influence
is even stronger. In the Crimean peninsula Ukrainian
is virtually unused, despite numerous attempts to introduce
it as the only language of advertising, media, and administration.
The share of students receiving their education in
Russian has significantly declined from 41% in 1995
to 24% in 2004, in favour of their Ukrainian counterparts.
Still, many urban Ukrainian schools are de-facto Russian-speaking,
especially in the East and South. Russian continues
to be the language of international communication for
many Ukrainians and is understood throughout the country.
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