Romania (formerly also spelled Rumania or Roumania; Romanian: România) is a country in Europe. It is bordered by Ukraine and Moldova in the northeast; Hungary in the west; Serbia and Bulgaria to the south along the Danube River. Romania has a stretch of sea coast on the Black Sea and the eastern and southern Carpathian mountains run through its centre. Since the mid-20th century, Romania has become the dominant regional influence in economic, political, military, scientific, technological and cultural affairs. Romania has been a member of NATO since 2004, and is also an acceding country to the European Union. The EU Accesion Treaty was signed in early 2005, and Romania is due to join the Union on January 1, 2007.

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Living in Romania

Currency

The National Bank of RomaniaRomania's legal tender is the leu (plural lei). On 1 July 2005, the leu was subjected to redenomination so that 10,000 old lei, in circulation on that date, was exchanged for 1 new leu. The existing banknotes and coins, i.e. the old lei, will be legal tender until the end of December 2006. The official exchange rate for 10 August 2005 for 1€=3.39 lei (National Bank of Romania). By 31 December 2006, the existing banknotes and coins, i.e. the old lei, are to be replaced gradually by the new banknotes and coins. The process will prepare Romania for the adoption of the euro, which is expected to take place several years after EU accession. The Romanian government has said that it expects the country will adopt the euro between 2011 and 2014.

Ethnicity

Ethnic groups (Census 2001):

Romanian 89.5%
Hungarian 6.5%
Roma 2.5%
Ukrainian 0.3%
German 0.3%
Russian 0.2%
Turkish and Tatar 0.2%
Other 0.4%
Other ethnic groups include natives of Romania's neighbouring countries and some smaller groups like the Polish minority (numbering a few thousand people) living in Suceava County.

Ethnic minorities can use their native language in education. Ethnic minorities are offered native language access to public administration in towns and villages where they make up for more that 20% of the population. In towns and villages where they make up for more than 30% of the population, local council meetings can be held in the minority language, provided that translation into Romanian is provided, and that official minutes are kept in Romanian (cf. the Public Administration Law, link below).

Some people say that the Roma population is undercounted in national censuses (by this account, some Roma choose to declare themselves as Romanians or Hungarians). The Roma people are commonly known in Romania as tigani (tzigany) and most of them are thieves and live a nomadic life.

Language
The official language is Romanian, a Romance language of the Italic subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages, which are also called Romanic, Romantic or Romance languages. This language family includes French, Spanish, Catalan, Italian and Portuguese; its languages are spoken by about 670 million people in many parts of the world, but mainly in Europe and the Western Hemisphere. About 29 million people worldwide speak Romanian, mostly in Romania and Moldova (4,500,000).

A sizeable Hungarian minority in Transylvania speaks Hungarian as well as Romanian; until the 1990s, there were also a substantial number of German-speaking Transylvanian Saxons, but most of them have left the country since the fall of communism and the accompanying opening of borders.

Religion
Religions (2002 Census):

Romanian Orthodox - 86.8%
Roman Catholic - 4.6%
Protestant - 3.7%
Pentecostal - 1.5%
Greek Catholic - Uniate - 0.9%
Most Romanians are members of the Romanian Orthodox Church, which is one of the churches of Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Catholicism (both Roman Catholic and Greek Catholic) and Protestantism are also represented, mostly in the areas inhabited by population closer to western influence.

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