| The Portuguese Republic
(Portuguese: República Portuguesa) is a democratic
republic located on the west and southwest parts of the
Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe, and is the westernmost
country in continental Europe. Portugal is bordered by
Spain to the north and east and by the Atlantic Ocean
to the west and south. In addition, Portugal includes
two archipelagos in the Atlantic, Azores (Açores)
and Madeira Islands.
Portugal has witnessed a constant
flow of different civilizations during the past 3100
years. Iberian, Tartessian, Celtic, Phoenician and Carthaginian,
Greek, Roman, Germanic (Suevi and Visigoth) and Moorish
cultures have all made an imprint on the country. The
naming of Portugal itself reveals most of the country's
early history, stemming from the Roman name Portus Cale,
a possibly mixed Greek and Latin name meaning "Beautiful
Port", or even mixed Celtic and Latin or mixed
Phoenician and Latin. During the 15th and 16th centuries,
Portugal was a major economic, political, and cultural
power, its empire streching from Brazil to the Indies.
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Living in Portugal
Portugal is one of the warmest European countries.
In mainland Portugal, average temperatures are 13ºC
in the north and 18ºC in the south. Madeira and
Azores, due to their location in the Atlantic, are rainy
and wet, and have a narrower range of temperatures.
Spring and Summer months are usually sunny and the temperatures
are very high during July and August, with highs in
the centre of the country generally between 30°C
and 35°C, sometimes even reaching highs of 45°C
in the southern interior. Autumn and Winter are typically
rainy and windy, yet sunny days are not rare either,
the temperatures rarely fall below 5°C, usually
staying at an average of 10°C. Snow is common in
the mountainous areas of the north, especially in Serra
da Estrela. Portugal's climate is classified as Atlantic-Mediterranean.
Portugal has a complex administrative structure. The
base is composed by 308 municipalities (concelho - singular,
concelhos - plural), and these are divided into more
than 4,000 parishes (freguesias, singular - freguesia).
All these are grouped into several superior divisions,
some purely administrative, some specify a given activity
(i.e. tourist regions or judicial areas), others have
a more technical feature, while other have historical
or cultural backgrounds: Alentejo, Algarve, Beira, Douro
Litoral, Estremadura, Minho, Ribatejo, and Trás-os-Montes.
There are three types of Urban areas:
Grandes Áreas Metropolitanas - Greater Metropolitan
Areas (more than 350,000 inhabitants)
Lisbon - 2,547,665
Porto - 1,509,958
Braga, Minho - 754,830
Aveiro - 460,157
Coimbra - 430,845
Faro, Algarve - 391,819
Viseu - 354,162
Comunidades Urbanas - Urban Communities (more than 150,000
inhabitants)
Oeste, Vale do Sousa, Leiria, Lezíria do Tejo,
Baixo Alentejo, Trás-os-Montes, Centro Alentejo,
Baixo Tâmega, Douro, Médio Tejo, Beiras,
Beira Interior Sul, and Alto Alentejo;
Comunidades Intermunicipais - Intermunicipal Communities
(less than 150,000 inhabitants)
Pinhal and Vale do Minho.
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